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The Persian Gulf is the gulf between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula

Persian Gulf: countries and resorts, nature, place in history, wars and the Arab Spring

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The Persian Gulf is, the definition

The Persian Gulf is gulf between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. It is connected by the Strait of Hormuz to the Gulf of Oman, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean. According to the hydrological regime, it is the sea.

The Persian Gulf is bay in the northwest of the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Asia. In the east, through the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman, it connects to the Arabian Sea. 240 thousand km2. Depth up to 115 m. Shatt al Arab. There are many islands off the coast. On the shelf of the Persian Gulf - large oil fields (see Persian Gulf oil and gas basin). Fishing, pearling. Main ports: Fao, Basra (Iraq), Abadan, Bandar Khomeini (Iran), El Kuwait (Kuwait), Ras Tanura (Saudi Arabia), Manama (Bahrain), Umm Said (Qatar). As a result of the war in the Persian Gulf (January-February 1991), the ecology of the Gulf and a number of areas of its coast were seriously damaged.

The Persian Gulf is bay in the northwest of the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Asia. Separated by the Arabian Peninsula. In the east, through the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman, it connects to the Arabian Sea. The area is 240 thousand km2. It protrudes into the land for 926 km, the width is from 180 to 320 km. Depth up to 115 m. The prevailing depths are less than 50 m. The Shatt al-Arab river flows into it. There are many small islands off the coast, in the southern part there are many coral reefs. The most significant islands are Bahrain and Qeshm. According to the hydrological regime, the Persian Gulf is the Mediterranean Sea. Water temperature in August +30-33 °C, in February +15-21 °C. Salinity up to 40‰, near the mouth of Shatt al-Arab 30‰. Currents form a cycle counterclockwise. Main ports: Fao, Basra (on the Shatt al-Arab River, Iraq), Abadan (on the Shatt al-Arab River), Bandar Khomeini, Bandar Shahpur, Bandar Mahshehr, Kharq (Iran), El Kuwait ( Kuwait), Ras Tanura (Saudi Arabia), Manama (Bahrain), Umm Said (Qatar), Abu Dhabi, Dubai (United Arab Emirates). The coastal countries of the Persian Gulf are Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran. The Shatt al-Arab River flows into the Persian Gulf, formed from the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates.

The importance of the Persian Gulf in history

The Persian Gulf, given that it contains one-fourth of the minerals of the world and therefore provides the energy of the world, is of great importance, and in addition, as a water passage and a link between East and West, it has a special political and geographical position. For this reason, this region throughout history has always been invaded by foreign forces and colonial powers. The political and economic importance and geographical location of the Persian Gulf contributed to the rivalry of the colonial governments and powers to be present in this region. European countries have been coveting the Persian Gulf for 350 years. Before the entry of the British into the Persian Gulf, the Portuguese pursued their colonial goals in this area.

Another factor that has set this region apart politically since the late 15th century is its increasing strategic importance to rival European states. The Portuguese, Dutch, French and Russians considered it necessary to dominate the Persian Gulf as part of their pursued colonial policy. In the middle of the 16th century the Dutch entered the Persian Sea and, in the hope of a lucrative trade in the East, began a rivalry with the British, which led to the re-penetration of the English colonialists into the Persian Gulf in the 18th century.

The trade of the Persian Gulf was in the hands of the Portuguese for about a hundred years. With the change in the direction of trade from India to the island of Hormuz, the Cape of Good Hope and the Atlantic Ocean, Iran's foreign trade suffered great damage. However, during the Safavid period, European countries again established trade and economic ties with Iran. In this time period, the Europeans established trading centers on the border of India and focused their attention on the islands of the Persian Gulf. Dutch and English companies and their sales offices in Jask, Bandar Abbas, Kharq and Bushehr began to compete with each other, but during all this time the name of the Persian Gulf was never distorted.

During the period of Qajar rule in Iran, which coincided with the Iranian-Russian wars in northern Iran, the Russians sought to gain access to the warm waters of the Persian Gulf. This rivalry continued along with the political transformations in Iran and the change of governments. However, despite all these plans of the colonialists, one thing remained unchanged - the name of the Persian Gulf. Nevertheless, the largest number of conspiracies in the region was formed at the height of the movements and competition of the colonialists in the region, the traces of which are visible to this day. One of these conspiracies involves the British inventing names for the Persian Gulf.

Regarding the Persian Gulf and its name, many books and articles have been written to this day from various points of view. The authors of these works are foreigners, mainly the British, because, due to their special position in this region, which lasted several centuries, they tried their best to hide the reality and call the Persian Gulf by a fictitious and incorrect name. On this basis, in many reports and speeches of British agents in the region, the Persian Gulf was referred to as simply a bay, while the name of the Persian Gulf is recorded in history as its true and ancient name.

Sir Charles Balgreave, who was British Representative in the Gulf from 1926 to 1957, wrote and published a book in 1966 in which he refers to personal research. In his work, he used the notes of Sir Francis Erskinelah, another representative of foreigners in the Persian Gulf. Lord Balgreve, who for about 30 years pursued the colonial policy of Britain in the Persian Gulf and harbored enmity towards the Iranians, pursuing the colonial goal, was the first to openly distort the name of the Persian Gulf, renaming it into Arabic.

In his book, referring to the topic under discussion, he calls the Persian Gulf Arabian, referring to the Arabs. Thus, Britain laid the foundation for new attempts to distort the history of the region in order to further its goal of creating division in the region through the indoctrination of the Arab states. All the documents and history of the region show that prior to this action by Belgreve, the term "Arabian Gulf" did not come across in any authoritative work, except for the rare cases when some historians and geographers called the Red Sea the Arabian Gulf. At the end of his reign on the Arabian coast of the Persian Gulf, Lord Balgreave, in the journal Sot-ul-Bahrain, called the Persian Gulf the Arabian Gulf, promoting this fictitious term among the Arab states. However, in his second book, "Welcome to Bahrain", written in 1955, he names the Persian Gulf correctly. Upon his return to London in 1966, Sir Charles Belgreve, in a book on the Persian Gulf, officially states that the Arabs tend to call the Persian Gulf the Arabian Gulf. With the spread of this fictitious name, the Arab press and some political figures in their official correspondence used the term Arabian Gulf instead of Persian.

In another action of the British in that period of time, the London newspaper The Times in 1992 in an article instead of the Persian Gulf used the word Arabic and since that time, some Arab governments and principalities, welcoming this method, began to encourage their press to do the same. Gradually, it also influenced some Arab politicians, including Abdol Karim Qasim in Iraq and Jamal Abdol Nasser in Egypt. In 1958, Abdol Karim Qasim, during the coup in Iraq led by Russia, claiming leadership of the Arab world, set out to abuse the situation in the region, naming the Persian Gulf by a fictitious name and presenting Iran as an enemy of the Arabs, to draw the attention of the Arab world to his leadership role. Whereas these attempts were the result of the policy of the British colonialists in the region and had no meaning for knowledgeable and literate people even in the Arab countries. So in the documents published at that time in Iraq, including at the University of Baghdad, these claims are rejected. Taking into account the extremist currents in the government of the Arab countries in August 1963, on the basis of a decision taken by the LAS commission in the principalities of the Persian Gulf, for the first time the distorted name of this body of water called the Arabian Gulf was mentioned in an official document and after that the LAS decided to use this name in textbooks of all member countries of the League and official letters.

Arab Spring in the Persian Gulf

The so-called "Arab Spring", which began in the region of the Middle East and North Africa in December 2010 from Tunisia, swept through the countries of the region, changed them beyond recognition, and now hardly anyone has any doubts about the fidelity and accuracy of this phenomenon titled "Arab Spring".

Starting as a wave of peaceful demonstrations, with predominantly socio-economic demands, this process quickly transformed into political slogans, which also very quickly grew into demands for the change of "hated regimes" represented by their rulers: Ben Ali, Mubarak, Gaddafi, Saleh, Assad and even the monarchs of the Persian Gulf experienced, however, to a much lesser extent, the echo of this "Arab Spring".

Having mentioned here the "bay" monarchs, I would like to dwell on them in more detail. However, first I would like to start with a small but very important digression. It concerns the fact that the Arab world, as an ummah, as a symbol of the pan-Arab, pan-Islamic project, has long been subject to erosion and does not represent a set of Arab states ready to support each other and act as a united front against the policies of third countries that do not suit them, or for any other questions. The "Arab Spring" only intensifies the split between the states of the region. To a greater extent, each of the Arab countries since their independence, mainly in the post-colonial period after the Second World War, has been trying to realize its national interests. Some countries did not abandon their attempts to act as leaders of the Arab world, trying to unite the "crumbling" Ummah. For the pan-Arab nationalists (Nasserists, Bassists, Arab Nationalist Movement) who had been gaining a strong position in the Middle East since the late 1940s, the highest goal was the unification of all Arabs. Their doctrine of a single Arab nation was secular, and this nation included both non-Muslim Arabs and national minorities.

At the same time, there were those who tried to unite the Arabs on the basis of Islamic values. The pan-Islamic line was continued in the concepts of the caliphates of the late twentieth century, such as the Islamic Liberation Party (Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami).

Already at that time, the ambitions of the Arab states prevented them from achieving unity. In addition, the international realities of the post-war period, characterized by the policy of two superpowers in the Cold War, the spread of socialist ideas in the region, the creation of the state of Israel, prevented the Arab countries from acting as a single camp even in the regional arena. The lack of unity among the Arab countries of the region and their rivalry is one of the reasons for the unresolved Palestinian issue and the failure of the Palestinian-Israeli settlement in general.

Not the last role in this fragmenting process was played by the Persian Gulf monarchies, especially Saudi Arabia, which acted as one of the main and richest allies of the United States in the region, both during the Cold War and after it. Saudi Arabia, along with Qatar and Egypt, have been claiming to be the leader in the Arab world in recent decades, and 2011 showed who won.

With the fall of the regimes of Ben Ali and Mubarak and the deterioration of the situation in Yemen, the spread of a wave of demonstrations and protests in Jordan, among the Shiites of Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, Riyadh acted as the main counter-revolutionary force in order to prevent further destabilization from spreading to the Gulf countries and Jordan. Using his material resources, the king of the KSA allocated 1.4 billion dollars to Jordan and included it in the GCC in order to reduce social tension and bring Jordan closer to the “gulfs”; troops of the GCC countries were brought into Bahrain in order to suppress the Shiite uprising; the kingdom itself at home did not hesitate to harshly disperse the demonstrators, however, the royal family partially used its financial resources.

It is worth recalling the reaction of Saudi Arabia to the overthrow of Ben Ali in Tunisia and Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, which ran counter to the position of the United States. The Saudi king supported his "colleagues" in Tunisia and Egypt to the last, and then even granted asylum to the deposed Tunisian President Zine al-Abidine bin Ali and reproached the United States for "surrendering" Mubarak.

Against the general background of seemingly democratic trends and protests, the Gulf countries stood out sharply against the background of the general trend, as they were inherently even more authoritarian.

The "Arab Spring" brought even more confusion into the "disordered" Arab ranks, only intensifying the struggle of the Arab countries for dominance in the region. In general, the Arab Spring was not the first irritant of the Saudi regime. The rise of Arab nationalism in the 1950s and 1960s and the Iranian Revolution of 1979 severely tested Riyadh's position in the region.

The main struggle during the "Arab Spring" unfolded between Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The coming to power of the Muslim Brotherhood was actively supported by Qatar, which provides generous financial assistance to the Brotherhood in Tunisia and Egypt. Saudi Arabia began to support the so-called "Salafis", who are a more radical element and compete with the "Brothers". As a result, the two "bay" states became rivals, "putting" on different horses. And, as recent events in Egypt show, Qatar is losing ground.

Thus, in this article, I would like to draw attention to the destructive element of the Arab Spring, which had a strong impact on all the Arab countries of the region. This topic can be analyzed for several hundreds and thousands of pages, mentioning only the inter-Arab rivalry, the Sunni-Shiite confrontation, the different levels of political, social and economic development of the Arab countries, etc. But the Palestinian problem has become an important problem that has receded into the background. And the further, the more difficult it is to resolve, especially without the lack of cohesive, strong support of such Arab states as Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Syria. Therefore, one would like to hope that the one-sided, idealistic and naive perception of modern processes in the Arab world will not become the norm.

Geographical position and economy of the Persian Gulf countries

The Persian Gulf region, due to its rich oil reserves, is geopolitically extremely important. The Gulf War of 1991 was named after it (although the main conflict unfolded on land).

According to hydrological, hydrochemical and other parameters, the Persian Gulf belongs to the seas.

The bay area is 239,000 km², length - 926 km, width - 180-320 km, average depth - less than 50 m, maximum - 102 m.

The countries of the Persian Gulf are located in foreign Asia, they are located at the junction of three parts of the world and are located from the Black Sea to the Indian Ocean. These countries include Kuwait, in whose depths billions of tons of oil lurk and where per inhabitant there is an annual national income of more than 20 thousand dollars; Iraq is one of the ancient states of the world, having several millennia behind it; The United Arab Emirates, whose state existence began only after the collapse of the colonial system, Iran, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Countries differ in terms of area, natural resources, level of socio-economic development, form of government and manifestation of, “say” independence, etc.

Differences between countries became especially pronounced after the Second World War, when the unevenness of their political and socio-economic development intensified. Countries have the world's largest oil wealth.

Gulf War

"War in the Gulf" - a war (January 17 - February 28, 1991) between the multinational forces (MNF) (led by the United States, under a UN mandate) and Iraq for the liberation and restoration of the independence of Kuwait. The conflict is known for the hitherto unprecedented scope for the use of aviation (not in terms of the number of aircraft, but in terms of the impact on the course of hostilities), "smart" and high-precision weapons, which, according to many experts, marked the beginning of a new era in military art (also, thanks to the very extensive coverage of the process of hostilities in the media, was called the "television war"). It is also the first military conflict of the new world order that came after the end of the Cold War: almost all the former allies of the USSR in the socialist camp took part in the coalition, and the Soviet Union itself, already on the verge of collapse, supported the United States for the first time.

Kuwait was founded in the 18th century by a group of Bedouin clans who moved to the coast of the Persian Gulf from the hinterland of Arabia and the Qatari Peninsula. The status of Kuwait was rather uncertain: the Ottoman Empire considered it part of its territory, in fact, the sheikhs of Kuwait pursued a policy independent of Istanbul. At the end of the 19th century, Kuwait became dependent on Great Britain, and in 1920 officially became a protectorate of the British Empire. The country gained independence in 1961.

Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, again, as in the 60s, laying claim to the right to rule the emirate, which in Iraqi tradition is considered a former part of the Ottoman Empire, accusing its southern neighbor of stealing oil (drilling using the technology of inclined wells, which was specially provided to Kuwait by the United States) from the border deposits of Iraq, as well as (and this version is still alive among Iraqis) in participation in the international anti-Iraq conspiracy.

On the night of August 2, 1990, four regular divisions of the Iraqi army invaded Kuwait. Due to the complete military superiority of the enemy, the ground units of the armed forces of Kuwait fought containment battles, at the same time retreating into the territory of Saudi Arabia. The main part of the Kuwait Air Force aviation managed to relocate to Saudi airfields. By the end of the day, Kuwait was under the control of Iraqi forces.

The success of the operation to occupy Kuwait was predetermined by the significant quantitative and qualitative superiority of the invading troops over the national Kuwaiti army. However, Iraq suffered a serious setback that affected the further development of the Kuwait crisis: the Iraqi special forces failed to capture the Kuwaiti emir Jaber III. An attempt by a helicopter landing in Kuwait to capture the emir ran into opposition from the country's air defense, while the special forces suffered significant losses. The emir managed to evacuate to Saudi Arabia, but his brother died during the storming of the palace complex.

The reaction of the world community

Already on August 2, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 660, in which it condemned the invasion and demanded that Iraq immediately withdraw its troops from Kuwait. The Iraqi leadership ignored this resolution. An "interim government" was established in Kuwait, which turned to Iraq with a request to include Kuwait in its composition. On August 8, the de facto annexation of Kuwait was announced. Part of the country's territory was annexed to the Iraqi province of Basra, and the remaining territory was proclaimed the 19th province of Iraq. Kuwait City was renamed Kadhima. Kuwaiti refugees began arriving in Saudi Arabia.

The UN Security Council continued to regularly return to the Kuwait crisis and adopt resolutions (a total of 12 were adopted by the end of the year). A number of sanctions were imposed on Iraq, and a naval blockade was introduced. In response to this, citizens of those states that took part in the sanctions were detained in Iraq. These people were actually in the position of hostages and were used by Iraq for political manipulation. It was not until December that the problem of foreign nationals in Iraq was finally resolved.

After the occupation of Kuwait, a large grouping of Iraqi armed forces appeared on the Kuwaiti-Saudi border. Almost immediately, border incidents began to occur related to the violation by Iraqi units of the international border between countries. The intentions of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein remained unclear. A number of Western analysts suggested that he might now try to invade Saudi Arabia, which had a clearly insufficient army to repel such an invasion. Control over two countries with huge oil reserves would allow Iraq to significantly influence the world oil market. In view of these considerations, the United States offered Saudi Arabia to deploy its military units on its territory. After some hesitation, the king of the country, Fahd, gave his consent. Already on August 7, American troops began to arrive in Saudi Arabia. The operation to ensure the security of the country was called the "Desert Shield" (Desert Shield).

On November 29, 1990, after the failure of numerous attempts to persuade Iraq to a peaceful settlement of the crisis, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 678. The resolution gave Iraq a month and a half to end the occupation of Kuwait. Failing that, UN Member States cooperating with the Government of Kuwait are empowered to "use all necessary means to support and implement Resolution 660 (1990) and all subsequent relevant resolutions and to restore international peace and security in the region." This meant that the UN granted the coalition of the Multinational Force (MNF) already formed at that time the right to conduct a military operation to liberate Kuwait.

There are different estimates of Iraqi losses in the 1991 war. Immediately after the end of hostilities, Western media reported that the death toll of Iraqis could reach 100,000. Some authors stick to even higher numbers - up to 200 thousand dead. According to official Iraqi government figures released after the war, 2,278 civilians were killed in air raids in 1991. Losses of the Iraqi army were not officially reported. According to researcher Carl Konetta, as a result of air bombing and ground fighting, the Iraqi armed forces lost about 20 thousand people killed. About 200 Iraqi soldiers died in Kuwait between the beginning of the occupation and the beginning of military activity of the MNF, 126 of them as a result of the crash of a military transport plane shot down by members of the Kuwaiti underground.

The war had severe environmental consequences for the region. In the last weeks of the occupation of Kuwait, Iraqi forces organized the dumping of oil into the Persian Gulf. In an attempt to prevent oil from entering the bay, the aircraft of the Multinational Force bombed a number of oil pumping stations with precision weapons. Nevertheless, about 8 million barrels of oil spilled into the bay before the end of the war. During the retreat from Kuwait, the Iraqi army set fire to oil wells, the extinguishing of which was completed only in November. It took the next decade to "dry up" 320 lakes. According to the BBC, the war resulted in one of the worst environmental disasters in history.

Kuwait suffered great economic losses as a result of the occupation and the war. Only the cost of extinguishing burning wells and restoring equipment on them was estimated at $12 billion. The total damage caused to the country, according to conservative estimates, amounted to 30-50 billion dollars.

Gulf countries

Six countries are conditionally referred to under the same name: the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain.

The countries of the Persian Gulf are located in foreign Asia, they are located at the junction of three parts of the world and are located from the Black Sea to the Indian Ocean.

Countries differ in terms of territory, natural wealth, level of socio-economic development, form of government and manifestation, “say” of independence, etc.

Differences between countries became especially sharp after the Second World War, when the unevenness of their political and socio-economic development intensified. Countries have the world's largest oil wealth.

Iraq is a country in the north of the Persian Gulf

The Republic of Iraq is located on the northeastern outskirts of the Arab East. Iraq borders Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Syria and Jordan to the west, and Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south.

In the southeast for 50 km. Iraq is washed by the waters of the Persian Gulf. On the border of Iraq with Saudi Arabia under the agreement of 1922. A neutral zone was allocated so that the nomadic tribes of the two countries could use the areas located here. Recently, an agreement has been reached on the division of this zone between Iraq and Saudi Arabia. The total length of the state borders of Iraq is 3.6 thousand km. The northern and eastern borders run along natural boundaries - mountain ranges and rivers. In the southern part, the border between Iraq and Iran runs along the Shatt-al-Arab River, formed from the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates. The area occupied by the Republic of Iraq is 435 thousand square meters. km Population - more than 13 million people, most of them Arabs.

Nurds, Turkmens, Assyrians, Turks, Armenians also live in Iraq. The rise of the national liberation movement, in which the Iraqi Communist Party and the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (Baath) took an active part, ended on July 14, 1958 with an anti-imperial and anti-fiadal revolution that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the proclamation of a republic. Iraq withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and liquidated foreign military bases on its territory.

The implementation of democratic reforms in the country began, however, the rebirth since 1960. the regime of the bourgeois-democratic republic into a military dictatorship led to the elimination of many revolutionary gains, to the unleashing of hostilities against the Kurdish people. With the arrival again in 1968. The government of the Ba'ath government, which revised some of the erroneous attitudes of previous years, came to power in the country, a number of progressive socio-economic transformations were carried out in the country, and a law on the autonomy of Kurdistan was adopted.

The Iraqi government, the first in the Arab world, placed the country's oil wealth under national control and widely used the large proceeds from the sale of oil to boost agriculture, build modern industrial enterprises, develop communications and means of transport, and raise the living and cultural standard of the people. At the initiative of the Iraqi Communist Party, the Progressive National Patriotic Front was established in 1973, which included the Baath, the Iraqi Communist Party and the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. This front played an important role in mobilizing the Iraqi people to defend national sovereignty from the intrigues of imperialist forces and the Arab reaction, for the implementation of deep socio-economic transformations in the interests of the working people.

On the whole, the Republic of Iraq pursued a progressive foreign policy, acting within the framework of the non-aligned movement and outside it for strengthening the solidarity of the developing countries in the struggle against imperialism, for their beneficial cooperation with the USSR and the countries of the socialist community. In 1972 between the USSR and the Republic of Iraq, an agreement on friendship and cooperation was signed, on the basis of which friendly Soviet-Iraqi relations were built. However, by the end of the 1970s, the influence of right-wing nationalist tendencies increased in the Ba'ath Party. The anti-democratic actions carried out by the Baath government set it against the progressive forces of the country.

Administratively, Iraq is divided into 18 provinces.

Nature. In physical and geographical terms, Iraq can be divided into four parts: mountainous, northern and northeastern (Iraqi Kurdistan) and desert southwestern (El Badiya), representing the outskirts of the Syrian-Arabian plateau, the El Jazeera plain. (Upper Mesopotamia) and lower Mesopotamia, overlooking the shores of the Persian Gulf. The mountainous region is a spur of the Eastern Taurus and Zagros massifs, located within Turkey and Iran. A series of small mountain ranges composed of limestone, gypsum and sandstone stretches along the Iraqi-Turkish and Iranian-Iraqi borders. Here is one of the highest peaks of Iraq, such as Kurava (3352 m), Pir - Omar - Gudrun (2960 m). To the south of the Bolshoy Zaba River, the mountains gradually decrease. Below the confluence of the Great Zab into the Tigris, the Erbil depression extends, a vast fertile plain, and to the north of it is a leafy plateau, sometimes called the Chaldean plain. The northeastern region of Iraq is an extremely picturesque area, which, in terms of the beauty of the landscape, is not inferior to mountainous Lebanon or Switzerland. Alpine meadows are spread here, which are used in summer for transhumance by the Kurds and Arabs living here.

Iraq is the only country in the east with very rich rivers. The two largest of them, the Tigris and the Euphrates, begin in the neighboring well-irrigated mountains and enter Iraq at a considerable distance from each other, then gradually approach each other and diverge again below Baghdad in order to form a powerful stream of the Shatt- El Arab, which flows into the Persian Gulf. However, the Euphrates and the Tigris are not considered the most restless river in Iraq.

The vegetation cover of Iraq is dominated by species typical of semi-deserts: drought-resistant grasses, leafless camel's thorn, wormwood, saltwort. Along the rivers and in better moist areas there are willows and poplars, sometimes forming groves. In northern Iraq, thickets of poplar and oak occupy fairly large areas. In the southern part of Iraq, in the swamps and in the floodplains, there are reed-reed thickets and meadow vegetation. On the territory of Iraq from the city of Ana in the north to the city of Faw in the south, large areas are occupied by date palm plantations, Southern Iraq, where there is an abundance of water and heat and sunlight, is considered the most suitable place for growing this tree. In Iraq, among the 420 varieties of dates, there are those that do not grow in other countries. The fauna of Iraq has much in common with the fauna of neighboring countries. In the steppes and semi-deserts there are gazelle, striped hyena. In the reed beds of the southern regions, there are many wild boars and waterfowl. Mosquitoes are a real disaster for swampy areas. Reptiles are represented by some types of poisonous snakes and lizards, including monitor lizards.

Kuwait is a small state on the Persian Gulf.

Kuwait is a small Arab state located in the northeast of the Arabian Peninsula on the coast of the Persian Gulf. The state also owns the coastal islands: Bubiyan, Failana, Warba, Minjan, Aupa, Umm En Namil, Ash Shuwayh, Nubbar, Naru and Umm El Maradim. The largest of them are Bubiyan and Filena. In the north and northwest, Kuwait borders on Iran, in the south and southwest - on Saudi Arabia.

In the east, the territory of the country is washed by the waters of the Persian, or, as the Kuwaitis call it, the Arabian Gulf. The territory of the country is 20.2 thousand square kilometers. The population of Kuwait is about 1.4 million people, of which more than 6,000 thousand are foreigners. The capital is Kuwait City. In accordance with the constitution adopted in 1962, Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy, a hereditary emirate. The head of state is Emir, one of the members of the ruling Sabanov family. He is both the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the supreme judge. Legislative power belongs to the Emir, the government together with the Emir exercises executive power.

The territory of Kuwait is located within the Arabian Fold Platform. A stable basement, composed of ancient crystalline rocks, is buried everywhere under later sedimentary ash. Sedimentary rocks occur almost horizontally, with a slight slope towards the ancient depression, now filled with the waters of the Persian Gulf. This gives the surface the appearance of a uniform plain. The entire territory of the country is occupied by the desert. In the western part it is rocky, in the eastern part it is sandy. Dunes rise along the coast of the Persian Gulf. The coast, which is about 220 km long, is replete with sandy spits and black lagoons, which creates inconvenience for ships. Only Kuwait Bay has a natural, well-defended harbor, one of the most convenient in the Persian Gulf. According to the features of the relief, the territory of Kuwait can be divided into three parts: elevated, inland, hilly, central and flat coastal. The elevated region covers the southwestern part of the country and resembles a triangle in plan with the apex facing north. It belongs to the inner highlands of the Arabian Peninsula.

The strength of the wind is so great that in a matter of minutes it throws huge masses of sand. Sand and dust penetrate houses, no matter how tightly the windows and doors are closed, settle in a thick layer on all objects, stuff into the ears, nose, blind the eyes, creak on the teeth. The yellow-brown mass raised to the height obscures the sun. It becomes twilight, like an eclipse. Strong changes in atmospheric pressure entail poor health.

The characteristics of Kuwait's economy - an abundance of cheap energy, large investment opportunities and a shortage of local labor resources - dictate a specific profile of industrial development for the country: energy and capital intensive, but labor saving. Although this strategy is not always clearly recorded in official documents, it can be clearly seen in the country's narrow specialization in the field of petrochemicals and oil refining, focusing on becoming the new banker of the Arab world. Objectively, from the very beginning, the entire industrial strategy of Kuwait became export-oriented. At the present stage, the economy of Kuwait is similar to the economy of other oil-exporting countries of the Arabian Peninsula in the main - the main place in it belongs to the modern oil sector, which for a long time developed almost in complete isolation from other sectors of the economy, and now acts as a "locomotive" of production to stretch to the required level other areas of the local economy.

Qatar is the new state of the Persian Gulf

A few years ago, two new, independent states appeared on the political map of Asia - the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Qatar. They are located in the northeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the coast of the Persian and Oman gulfs.

The peninsula of Qatar, on which the Arab principality of the same name is located, extends far into the Persian Gulf and lies between 34.5 and 34.3? In the south, the state of Qatar borders on Saudi Arabia and the emirate of Abu Dhabi, which are part of the United Arab Emirates. The seven emirates of this federal state, like Qatar, border on Saudi Arabia in the southwest and south, and the Sultanate of Oman in the east and north of the UAE. The length of the coastline of the UAE in the Persian Gulf is over 700 km, and in the north-east of the country, in the Gulf of Oman, it is about 90 km.

In accordance with the agreement on territorial and border issues signed by the two states in August 1974, Abu Dhabi transferred part of the territory in the northwest of the Emirate to Saudi Arabia. This "corridor" is 50 to 80 km wide. Connected the mainland of Saudi Arabia with the coast. Thus, Saudi Arabia received access to the Persian Gulf to the east of the Qatar peninsula, but without the right to establish sovereignty and extend its legislation to the territorial waters and shelf adjacent to the corridor, which still belong to the UAE. The land borders of Qatar and the UAE are largely conditional, as they pass through desert areas where there are no clearly defined natural boundaries.

The total area of ​​both states is small - only about 95 thousand square kilometers, of which Qatar accounts for almost 11.4 thousand square kilometers. in the UAE - 83.6 thousand sq. km. The largest, by area, of the Arab Emirates is Abu Dhabi, which occupies 86% of the territory of this state, the rest of the emirates account for: Dubai - 5.5%, Sharjah - 3.3%, Ras Al Khaimah -2.1 %, Al Fuijairah - 2%, Umm Al Qaiwain -1%, Ajman - 0.3% of the area of ​​the UAE. The population of both countries at the turn of the 80s reached a little over 1.5 million people, of which 1.3 million people were the population of the UAE.

The structure of Qatar and the United Arab Emirates includes over 30 small and tiny islands located near their coasts. These mostly uninhabited islands have a rocky surface, in some places covered with sand dunes. They are deprived of sources of fresh water. Only a few of them, such as, for example, Dalma and Giannana, have been inhabited for a long time, the rest were used by the population of both countries for a long time, mainly as anchorages and shelters from bad weather for fishing boats, as well as during the pearling season. With the development of oil production on the continental shelf, part of the islands became involved in economic activities.

Oil dramatically changed the fate of these countries, leaving an imprint on their socio-economic appearance. The unhurried, if not slow, development of the national economy gave way to rapid growth. On the site of medieval adobe towns and villages, as if by magic, modern cities arose with residential high-rise buildings, banks, shops, hotels and cinemas. Extensive construction of petrochemical enterprises equipped with the latest technology, ports, airfields, highways, cement plants, enterprises for the reduction of natural and petroleum gases, desalination plants is being carried out, and agricultural plantations are being created. All the economic well-being of Qatar is based on the sale of oil abroad, the extraction of which marked the beginning of a new stage in the socio-economic development of this backward and poor country in the recent past. Until the global economic crisis of 1929-1933. the principality existed mainly due to the pearl industry, which flourished in Qatar thanks to the Parisian and Indian markets. In 1974, the first plant for processing gas from the Dukhan field was put into operation in Umm Said.

In general, these countries have embarked on an accelerated transition from feudalism to capitalism. The basis of the economy of Kuwait is oil production and refining. The development of natural gas fields is quite intensive, the chemical and cement industries are developed. The agricultural branch of production is characterized by nomadic pastoralism and oasis agriculture.

UAE is the most popular country in the Persian Gulf

The basis of the country's economy is the UAE oil production. Oasis agriculture predominates. The country is the financial center of the Middle East, including a large economic zone and compatible businesses.

The basis of the economy of Saudi Arabia is the oil refining and gas industry. The petrochemical, food industries of industrial crafts are developed.

Iraq's economy is closely linked to its foreign policy. The country's oils are rich in oil, natural gas, sulfur, phosphates and other minerals. Industry is represented by the oil-producing, oil-refining, and other industries. The country has a developed fuel and energy and transport infrastructure. The first US invasion of Iraq (1991) led to Iraqi victory and did not affect economic and political development. A few weeks ago, the second invasion of Iraq (2003) was carried out, it is based on economic interests and position in the world, Iraq is a sovereign state and must solve its problems on its own, some people may like its political structure, but some may not. Huge oil reserves are Washington's main pain. Most of the Gulf countries export oil and oil refineries. Countries occupy a leading place in the global economy

This marginal sea has several names - Oman, Green, Persian, Indo-Arab, Eritrean. It is located between the Arabian Peninsula and Hindustan. The southern border of the sea is conditional. The area occupied by the waters of the Arabian Sea - 4832 thousand square kilometers - is one of the largest seas in the World Ocean. The maximum depth is 5203 m, the average depth is 2734 m. The entire water area of ​​the sea is located in the tropical and subtropical zones of the northern hemisphere. A large water artery, the Indus River, flows into the Arabian Sea.

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers carry their waters to the Persian Gulf. This gulf, located in the northeast, behind the Gulf of Oman, can be considered part of the Arabian Sea. It is an extremely wealthy region economically. Firstly, pearl fishing is developed here. Even the ancient Greeks called this bay "Tylos", which means "pearl". Especially a lot of high-quality pearls are mined in the area of ​​the Bahrain Islands. However, the Persian Gulf is also known for another jewel, which in our time is valued no less than pearls. There are huge deposits of oil fields, thanks to which countries with access to its water area were often drawn into military conflicts with economic overtones. The oil wealth of the Persian Gulf is hard to overestimate. Nevertheless, the theme of our site is marine life and sharks, so we will not dwell on this treasure. I just want to dwell a little on the status of the bay.

Some geographers insist that the Persian Gulf would be more correctly called the inland sea of ​​the Indian Ocean. Those who read the first articles of this section of the site (with definitions) will understand that such metamorphoses are not of decisive importance, since many of the definitions are conditional. Hudson Bay is also a sea, although we are accustomed to its usual status as a bay.

For the most part, the coastline is indented, there are many small bays, bays, capes and alluvial spits. Among the largest gulfs are Aden, through which communication with the Red Sea is carried out, Oman, which connects the sea with the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz.

The relief of the coasts is from high rocky to low-lying, deltaic. The sea is not rich in islands, only along the coastline there are small islands of volcanic origin, coral atolls and areas that have come off the land. The bottom relief is flat, the soil is composed of biogenic silts, and off the coast of the mainland - terrigenous sediments. Coral islands and atolls are covered with almost white coral sand. Currents are seasonal, changing their direction throughout the year.

Quite large tides, reaching over 5 meters in height. Since the sea is located in warm climatic zones, the temperature of surface waters exceeds 20 degrees C all year round, reaching 29 degrees C in some places in summer.

The Arabian-Indian underwater ridge, stretching from the eastern tip of the Somali Peninsula (Africa) to the southeast and the Maldives (south of the Hindustan Peninsula), divides the sea into two deep-sea basins - the Arabian (depth more than 5300 m) and Somali in the south -west (up to 4600 m). The bottom of the basins is covered with red clay.

The shelf zone of the Arabian Sea ranges from 120 km (off the coast of Hindustan) to 200 km off the coast of the Arabian Peninsula. On the shelf area belonging to India there are large oil fields (Gulf of Cambay). Fishing is mainly carried out in the shelf zone of the Arabian Sea.

According to some sources (Complete Encyclopedia of the Underwater World, Moscow, 2010), sharks in the waters of the Arabian Sea behave very modestly, it is very difficult to even approach them, because when they see a person, the predators try to hide.

Resorts of the Persian Gulf

There are many luxurious resorts in the Persian Gulf with unlimited opportunities for relaxation. These are modern cities, the appearance of which consists of numerous impressive skyscrapers, luxurious palaces and vibrant bazaars. Also here you will find an incredibly attractive combination of velvet dunes and rocky mountains.

On the coast of the bay there are excellent beach centers. Each of them has separate restaurants, cafes, bars and park areas. The best time to visit is from October to April.

Gulf resort Dubai

The name "Dubai" is at the same time the most visited emirate and its administrative center, a city that is most liberally disposed to tourists and their whims. Actually, the city is divided into three large areas - the oldest district of Deira, the shopping area with many shopping centers Bur Dubai and Jumeirah - where the most upscale hotels are located.

Hotels located in the beach area are annually re-certified and have a classification that is close in terms of requirements to European standards, with the vast majority being 4* and 5* hotels. All of them have their own beaches, mostly closed to outsiders. The most famous hotel in Dubai is the famous Burj Al Arab, which was nicknamed the "seven-star" hotel for the luxury of interiors and service, as well as the scope of construction. Another masterpiece of modern hotel construction is the artificial islands of the Palm Jumeirah, a structure that has become a symbol of the United Arab Emirates.

Those who live in urban hotels remote from the beach area usually use two beach complexes - Jumeirah Beach Park and Al Mamzar Park. Entrance to both beaches is paid, as is the rental of beach accessories. However, the infrastructure on both is excellent: bars, restaurants, rental of everything your heart desires, and Al Mamzar Park even has its own pool.

There is always a warning system on the beaches of Dubai, you should pay attention to the flag on the beach - yellow means there is no danger at all, but if you go swimming under a red flag, you can be fined, because the sea is not safe on such days.

In Dubai, as the most democratic region of the UAE, the “dry law” applies only to the streets and beaches, but no one will forbid you to enjoy beer or something stronger in cafes and restaurants. So the nightlife in Dubai is perhaps the busiest in the whole country. Many clubs are open here, one of the most famous is Catharsis, discos are constantly organized at hotels - for example, the famous Planetarium or Scarlet. The latter passes on the top floor of the Emirates Towers Hotel. Going to any disco, be sure to check with the hotel reception what documents you need to take with you - they are often checked.

During the day, you can visit the Wild Wadi water park and the Jumeirah Beach Park amusement park, go with the children to the Wonder Land amusement park or play golf on the excellent courses of the Emirates Golf Club located in the Jumeirah area or the Dubai Creek Golf Course located on the shores of the Creek Bay.

Diving, in principle, can be practiced on almost any beach, but divers have chosen Jumeirah Park, where two old fighter jets were specially sunk for their entertainment.

Persian Gulf Resort Ajman

The smallest of the emirates is Ajman.

Those who want a relaxing holiday come here. Despite the fact that the tourism business in Ajman is developing slowly, there is a five-star Kempinski hotel, small shops, cozy cafes, and the only store in the entire UAE where you can buy alcoholic beverages without restrictions (but it is strictly forbidden to take them out of the emirate). ). The beaches in Ajman are sandy, often on weekends you can meet locals who like to have picnics on the beach.

Persian Gulf Resort Sharjah

The Emirate of Sharjah is located on the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf and borders on Dubai.

Sharjah is the most conservative emirate, any alcohol is prohibited here, the punishment for violation is very strict, local law enforcement officers do not let go of a single offense. Carrying at least one bottle of beer in your trunk, you risk breaking the law and answering to the fullest extent, despite the fact that you are a foreign tourist.

The choice of hotels here is less than in Dubai. Three hotels are located on the coast of the Gulf of Khaled, nine - on the shores of the Persian Gulf. That, perhaps, is all.

There are no entertainment venues, bars and discos in Sharjah, but in the evening you can plunge into the cultural traditions of the country and go to an Arabic nightclub where national Arabic music plays. For tourists who crave nightlife and adventure, there are taxis that will take you to neighboring Dubai, where the nightlife is in full swing.

Sharjah also includes the city of Khorfakkan, located on the Indian Ocean. Divers come here to admire the beauty of the sea, as well as those tourists who want to relax calmly on a picturesque beach.

Gulf resort Abu Dhabi

The emirate is located on an island and consists of the city of Abu Dhabi and the smaller cities of Liwa and Al Ain.

In the main city of Abu Dhabi, there are so many green spaces that the air temperature here is always several degrees lower than in the surrounding desert.

The largest park area is located on The Corniche embankment, where the famous fountains "Swan", "Pearl", "Coffee Pot" and other masterpieces of landscape gardening art are located. Those who have visited the UAE call this place one of the most picturesque in the whole country.

Most hotels in Abu Dhabi are located on the coast. All the beaches of the island are sandy, the beaches at the hotels are cleaned daily of ocean debris. Abu Dhabi is, in fact, the capital of the UAE, and therefore there are many entertainments here, and you definitely won’t be bored. Here you can go on a desert safari - by jeep or camel, visit the local hippodrome and look at exotic camel races, visit the magnificent Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Al Jahili Fort, the ethnographic museum "Historical Heritage Village". Golf courses and falconry are open for lovers of elite entertainment.

As for alcohol, it can be found only in some restaurants at hotels in city restaurants, you will not find alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are also prohibited in public places and on beaches.

Persian Gulf Resort Fujairah

The Emirate of Fujairah is famous among tourists for its historical monuments and attractions.

Here are the ruins of an old fort and the remains of its settlement. In the museum you can see interesting archaeological finds from excavations near Bint and Kidfa. Divers come here to scuba dive into the Indian Ocean and explore the coral reefs. Most diving centers are located near the Oceanic Hotel.

Tourists staying in one of the Fujairah hotels will never get bored. It has everything for outdoor activities - exotic tours of the dried-up deltas of the rivers (they are filled with water only during the rains), excursions that introduce you to the culture of the Middle East and mountain climbing.

Persian Gulf Resort Ras Al Khaimah

Ras Al Khaimah is the northernmost of the emirates.

Mountains in this picturesque place come into contact with pristine clean sandy beaches. The emirate does not have a "dry law", but still you should not drink alcohol on the streets of the city or on the beach. In the main city of Ras al-Khaimah, the Ice Land water park has recently opened, which is designed not only for adults, but also for children.

Persian Gulf Resort Umm Al Quwai

Umm Al Kuwai is a quiet emirate consisting of the Old and New cities.

The emirate is located on the most picturesque coast - in this place the waters of the Persian Gulf form many bays and lagoons.

The spirit of an old Arab settlement has been preserved in the Old City, while modern houses and shopping centers are being built in the New City. There are also several small hotels here. The isolation of Umm Al Kuwai from other emirates makes it attractive for tourists who want to immerse themselves in the traditions and culture of the Middle East.

You can have fun by visiting the marine club and the Dreamland water park, as well as the first flying club in the Emirates.

The club hosts championships in parachuting and skydiving. Everyone will be able to see the UAE by taking off on an inflatable balloon or learn how to pilot airplanes and other air vehicles.

Persian Gulf Resort Muscat

People go to the resorts of the capital of Oman - to the city of Muscat - mainly for a quiet beach holiday: you will not find nightly entertainment and noisy parties here.

The city is divided into several districts, each of them performs a specific function. The main bazaar is located in the Matrah district, the Sultan's palace is located in the Muscat district, the commercial district is located in the Ruwi district, and the main beaches and hotels are located in the Al Qurum district.

All Muscat beaches are sandy. Municipal beaches are open to the public, you can rent umbrellas and sun loungers on any one, and it’s completely free. This applies, of course, to the ennobled beaches. But there are also wild ones. These are usually not crowded - because the entrance to the water is not covered with bulk sand, and you can get hurt on coral reefs, of which there are a great number here, near the coast. If you still decide to visit the "wild" beach, do not forget to bring special shoes with you.

You can enrich yourself culturally by visiting the Historical Museum of Oman, the National Museum in Ruwi and the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque.

Persian Gulf Resort Nizwa

The former capital of Oman is the city of Nizwa. The city is a large oasis in the heart of the desert and claims to be the main resort of the country. Unfortunately, there are no beaches here and there is nowhere to swim here. Despite the fact that there are only 4 large hotels in the city, there are always a lot of tourists here.

Firstly, Nizva has both nightclubs and restaurants (everything for the entertainment of young people), and secondly, it is from this city that the excursion to the ancient monuments of Jabrin begins, where you should pay attention to the painted ceilings and wood carvings, and Bahly, small village where pottery flourishes. Thirdly, there is an old fortress-fort, from the top of which a beautiful view of the city opens, and fourthly, in Nizva you can buy items made of precious metals at a very low price. From Nizwa, you can also take a jeep safari to Wahiba Sands.

Persian Gulf resort of Salalah

The capital of the southern region of the country is the city of Salalah. Tourists can not only lie down on the sandy beach and swim in clear water, but also go sailing, go water skiing or a motorcycle, and also go scuba diving to the seabed.

Going to rest in Salalah is best without children, because. there are strong currents in the ocean, which sometimes even an adult cannot cope with. The city is rich in "excursion" - you can participate in archaeological excavations, visit banana and coconut plantations, see the ruins of the palace of the Queen of Sheba.

Persian Gulf Resort Sohar

The city of Sohar, known as the historical homeland of Sinbad the Sailor, attracts tourists with a large Souk market.

There are always few vacationers on the large sandy beach of Sohara, so lovers of a relaxing holiday will like it here. The only danger is the ocean currents, which can “suddenly” change their direction. Of the attractions here, the Sohara Fort is worthy of attention, beautiful and majestic. On Fridays, everyone can watch a bullfight.

Fauna of the Persian Gulf

In terms of settlement by various forms of life, the Arabian Sea is one of the most productive places in the oceans. There are almost 100 species of commercial fish here alone. Among them: tuna, marlin, sardine, sailfish, mackerel. Fishing for crustaceans - shrimp, crabs, lobsters - is important.

A significant part of the coast of the Arabian Sea is inhabited by corals. Many benthic invertebrates, mollusks, crustaceans and fish feel great in coral thickets. Here you can meet clown fish, angel fish, butterfly fish, triggerfish, lionfish, gobies, flying fish, sardinella, herring, tuna, swordfish, sailfish and many other fish. In terms of the abundance of marine animal species, the Aral Sea is not much inferior to the Red Sea. The flora of the sea is much poorer than its fauna. Here, only in some places you can see thickets of coastal algae - red, brown, kelp.

Several types of sharks are found in local waters, including those classified as dangerous to humans. Here you can meet the tiger shark, mako, blue (blue) shark, gray blunt (bull) shark, many types of reef predators.

According to some sources, sharks in the waters of the Arabian Sea behave very modestly, it is very difficult to even approach them, because when they see a person, the predators try to hide.

Man, on the contrary, exterminates these fish for the sake of fins, meat and other valuable parts. Shark fins are rented out to local restaurants at a fabulous price - up to $ 200 per kilogram. It is clear that such demand and prices give rise to poaching, as a result of which the populations of these fish are sharply reduced in numbers. However, the Arabian Sea is not the only example of such a barbarous extermination of sharks.

For sports anglers, such an object as a giant grouper from the Serranidae family is of great interest. This huge (2.5 m, 400 kg) fish lives in coastal waters and leads a solitary lifestyle, hunting lobsters, rays, young turtles and small fish. Adult groupers, due to their large size, have almost no natural enemies, so they are clumsy and slow. Divers love to swim and take pictures in the company of this good-natured giant. However, care must be taken when dealing with goopers. There were cases when he attacked overly importunate fans, inflicting serious and even fatal wounds.

Flora of the Persian Gulf

The special tropical climate has allowed a large number of beautiful exotic plants to grow that surround the Persian Gulf. The photos of these places are amazing. Favorable conditions contributed to the breeding here of a huge number of incredible beauty of fish and other inhabitants. In the coastal zones, multi-colored corals with their bright inhabitants are firmly located.

To the casual observer, nature may seem poor and dull. But precisely because of this poverty, nature must be surrounded by even greater care in order to preserve what is available, since life itself has balanced everything very gracefully. One large mangrove forest adjacent to the island of Abu Dhabi has been declared a nature reserve and cannot be visited solely for scientific research.

Sources for the Persian Gulf article

en.wikipedia.org - Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia

iiagency.com – News of Central Asia

dic.academic.ru - Dictionaries and encyclopedias at Akademki

tour52.ru - Tourist portal of Nizhny Novgorod

russian.irib.ir - Russian radio service

sea-cruise.ru - Sea cruises

vostlit.info - Oriental literature

gulf.ru - Travel to the countries of the Persian Gulf

islam.ru - Islamic information portal

It is very beautiful on the coast: azure expanse, spaciousness, white boats, and it pulls with a run to plunge into the warm embrace of the sea. However, admiring the beauty of the sea-ocean, we sometimes do not think - who lives there? Who can be stepped on, accidentally hurt, and who wants to bite off a piece of us for lunch? What surprises await us in the Persian or Oman Gulf, the Indian Ocean (Fujairah), and who can be caught on a fishing excursion or purchased at the fish market - we'll talk about this now.

Jellyfish

Fortunately, tourists usually see only flocks of small harmless fish in the sea waves, and are surprised to learn that someone else is here. In March 2014, a large influx of jellyfish took place on the coast of Dubai. This species, Aurelia aurita, is considered not to pose a threat to human life.

In such situations, it is better not to swim on wild beaches where there are no lifeguards. On equipped beaches, in case of danger, red flags are raised near the rescue towers, in the sea, and even the beaches are patrolled by police squads.

Jellyfish periodically appear here and there, in winter - very rarely, more often - in summer. And in the Indian Ocean, and on the Palm, and on Jumeirah - they can be found everywhere. In the spring, blue jellyfish predominate in the waters of the Persian Gulf, their burns are less painful, tourists even say that they have seen children play with these “snot of the sea”, and nothing.

Most of all jellyfish are in Fujairah, which is mainly a vacation spot for diving enthusiasts, and they are mostly experienced people.

So, for safety reasons, we do not swim on wild beaches, where it is generally unknown who is waiting for us in the sea, and we listen to rescuers if they warn of danger. And it is also better to choose another emirate for recreation than the best place for divers - Fujairah.

sharks

Many UAE hotel beaches are protected by shark nets, and this is good news. Yes, there are sharks here - just take a walk to the fish market to see for yourself and see these exotic inhabitants of the Indian Ocean. Shark meat, by the way, is a rare lover - few people find it tasty, so you should not rush to buy this fish on the market. And for adrenaline, please visit Fujairah - there you can meet free-swimming small reef sharks, but this will be discussed below.

In addition to reef sharks, there are also whale sharks. They reach 14 meters in length and are also considered safe for humans (they feed on squid, small fish, plankton). A few years ago, there was such a curious incident - a whale shark got lost and swam up to the embankment in the Dubai Marina area, near the Spinneys store. The local police, together with the coast guard, frightened the poor fellow with loud signals, caught him with a net, then spat on this whole hopeless case and provided the opportunity to find his way home on his own.

An interesting fact - not so long ago, Dubai became the fifth largest exporter of shark fins in the world. Only in Hong Kong, the Emiratis supply about 500 tons of shark fins every year (this is half of their world production). In one day, a fishing boat can catch up to a thousand sharks, and shark fin soup is considered a symbol of prestige and wealth.

Other living creatures

In Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain, tourists have seen stingrays - small, shy, not electric. Those who are afraid of stingrays or do not want to “quietly trample on them” need to buy special slippers. In Sharjah, the water is clean - you can immediately see the stingray. You just need to be careful - after all, the sea is inhabited by all living creatures.

Sea urchins are found even in Al-Mamzar - a paid park with places for swimming and beaches, but only where the stones are. Crabs also usually live on stones, there are a lot of them in Umm Al Quwain - someone lives in every shell. They are afraid of people - more than we are of them, so you should not expect an attack from them. Moreover, tourists swim where the sand is.

Jellyfish, according to the observations of tourists, happen more when the sea is warm and calm, when it is a little cooler and the sea is a little worried - they lick them like a cow with their tongue.

Sea snakes are found in the open ocean, and on wild beaches in the water you can stumble upon stone fish and scorpion fish, so even innocent walks along the water's edge (namely on wild beaches) need rubber shoes.

But in general, travelers say that nowhere at sea has it been as comfortable and safe as in Dubai. And they are surprised to learn about the presence of all sorts of unpleasant inhabitants of the sea, saying: “But we only saw some small fish in flocks, and that’s all!”

A separate word about Fujairah, the Indian Ocean.

As you know, Fujairah is famous for its diving opportunities. Many travelers who come here for this very purpose choose the Sandy Beach 3 * hotel, with a sandy beach and a diving center on this very beach. Experienced travelers advise all tourists to take an underwater camera with them - it will definitely come in handy!

There are practically no fish in the waters near the beach - they all swim near the coral island of Snuppy - a hundred meters from the shore, opposite this hotel. This is where you can meet and take pictures of all kinds of colorful fish, stingrays, turtles, parrot fish, Picasso fish. But that's not all! Not very large and shy reef sharks live here, tourists go accompanied by guides to look at them, the sizes of sharks are from a meter to two. These sharks prefer to stay near the island and beyond, they have never been seen near the beach. In general, where the sand is, neither fish nor sharks are found, but as soon as the stones began, this is where they can be found, but whether it is necessary is up to you. Maybe it's better to turn back - where the sand is?

Sharks should not be baited, spearfishing if they are nearby, wearing something shiny and also trying to touch the shark or block its path. Even if reef, even if small. From the smell of blood and the type of prey they are "blowing the roof."

In general, a shark in Fujairah can easily be found even fifty meters from the shore ...

There are a lot of sea urchins near the island of Snoopy. Even if you swim in coral slippers, they will not save you from a powerful injection (and the temptation to get on your feet is very great - the depth is a meter and a half). Some tourists neglect these rules and walk near the island, admire the underwater world. Well, if you're lucky and get out after this admiration safe and sound, but if you swim back with a wounded leg ... it's worth thinking about.

Siphonophores also swim in the Indian Ocean, they are also called "thread". They are few, but they exist. In case of a burn, it is recommended to hold the affected area in sea water near the shore - this way it will pass faster. The stinging cells of the siphonophore are removed with sand and sea water, you need to rub it effortlessly.

There are influxes of "pinching" burning plankton, it annoys those who swim in the Gulf of Oman.

Sometimes, for safety reasons, tourists swim in shorts and long-sleeved shirts or special bathing suits that also cover their arms and legs.

In general, Fujairah is a tempting place for divers, but lovers of a relaxing family holiday need to be prudent or choose another emirate.

Who can be caught fishing or bought at the Fish Market

Fishing in the UAE gives tourists an unforgettable experience, a lot of impressions and a good catch. Even children are taken on this excursion, but fishing on their own from the shore is prohibited - for this you can get a fine of up to 500 dirhams and generally have trouble.

For a fee, fish will be cooked right on the yacht. You need to take copies of passports with you (for verification by the Coast Guard). The journey to the fishing spots takes about 30 minutes. From November to May - the most successful season for fishing, in summer the water is too hot, the fish are inactive. Don't forget to take your camera with you!

For trolling (hunting for large fish, the yacht is usually equipped with special equipment), barracuda, hamur, owl, Spanish mackerel are caught, for spinning - perch, of the Emperor, Sheri families. You can catch tuna, king fish (mackerel), shark.

Hamur is considered one of the most delicious fish in the UAE, almost every restaurant offers dishes from this fish. Sychil is also a delicious fish, individuals from 2 kg are used for cooking - small ones are released, they have very little meat. Such a fish is rarely caught, but it is caught! Lucky people are called lucky fishermen who managed to catch an owl. Sea catfish - tasteless, with a bad smell, with a "soapy" coating. It is difficult to wash off its mucus - these fish are taken with gloves. Usually suitable for a photo shoot, then released.

A shark is rarely cooked on a yacht - its taste is not for everybody.

In general, to learn about the gifts of the local sea, you can go to the Fish Market (in Dubai, Sharjah).

Tuna, sardine, mackerel, barracuda, hamour, lobster, shrimp, crabs, cuttlefish, octopus, squid, sharks - who is not here!

The sellers are friendly, according to tourists, they like to be photographed and pose with their fish. Just take rubber slippers with you - walk around the market, the floor there can be wet and covered in fish scales.

Enjoy your holiday in the United Arab Emirates!

The Persian Gulf, in its significance, is the Mediterranean Sea of ​​Western Asia. The waters of the Persian Gulf are the waters of the Indian Ocean. The bay covers an area of ​​251,000 km 2 - 1,000 km long and 200-300 km wide.
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. The Shatt al-Arab Delta lines the northwestern coastline of the Persian Gulf.

The depth of the Persian Gulf does not exceed 100 m, and the average depth is only 50 meters. It is an almost closed sea, and it is characterized by high salinity (45-100 grams of salt per liter of water), since water from the rivers of Iran and Iraq and precipitation do not make up for its losses from evaporation.

In some places, the Persian Gulf can form natural salt marshes "seb". The mangroves in the Persian Gulf require tidal currents and a combination of fresh and salt water. Crabs, small fish, insects and birds live in the mangroves.

In the east, the Persian Gulf communicates with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea (via)

The Persian Gulf was a battleground between Iran and Iraq from 1980-1988, during which each side attacked the other country's oil tankers.

Countries on the coast of the Pesidic Gulf: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman (with Musandam enclave). In total, 8 countries are located along the coast of the Persian Gulf.

The historical name of the bay is taken from ancient Persia, since the bay lies between Iran (ancient Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula).
Other names for the bay:

• Bay of Bassora (Basra, a city in Iraq)
• "Arabian Gulf" (a name not commonly used outside of the Arab world)

The maritime route, borrowed from Marco Polo, connected the region of the Middle East with China. In the 16th century, the Persian Gulf was controlled by Portugal, which had previously ousted Safavid Iran. In the nineteenth century, the British took control, under the pretext of fighting pirates. They held control in the region until the outbreak of World War II and until the creation of the United Arab Emirates.

The almost exclusive resource of the Persian Gulf is oil. The largest countries in the Persian Gulf have grouped themselves into the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to control the routes of oil tankers and pipelines. They observe connections with the Mediterranean and Red Seas, with the Strait of Hormuz and the Suez Canal. The oil spill in 2000 led to severe pollution: approximately 1.14 million tons of oil (40% of the total) spilled from 6,000 tankers that passed through the Strait of Hormuz. Today, this region is home to many major cities in the Middle East.

It is believed that this region of the world contains more than 60% of the world's oil reserves. These are the largest hydrocarbon reserves on the planet. And the countries of the Persian Gulf are the largest exporters of oil, they own 30% of the world oil trade. As a result, maritime traffic in the Persian Gulf is very dense. The Strait of Hormuz is the only sea crossing between the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. Various small islands in the Persian Gulf are constantly the subject of territorial disputes between the states of the region.

Ras Al Khaimah is the capital of the eponymous emirate of the United Arab Emirates. About 90% of all inhabitants of this territory live in it, and it is here that the resort life is in full swing. The resort is young, its active development was started no more than 20 years ago. But today it is in demand as a place to relax, where you can find the best balance between the cost and quality of the services offered.

Resort Ras Al Khaimah on the map

Ras al-Khaimah is located in the north of the country, on a cape that separates the waters of the Persian and Gulf of Oman. The resort area is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It includes several bulk islands under the general name of Al-Marjan. The archipelago belongs to the Arab company Al Marjan Island, engaged in activities in the field of hotel business and tourism services.

Ras Al Khaimah has an international airport that is home to the emirate's airline RAK Airways and the UAE's low-cost carrier AirArabia. And if the first one flies within the countries of Southeast Asia, then the second flies to several cities of the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, but, unfortunately, not from Ras al-Khaimah.

Most tourists arrive at Dubai Airport, the main resort center of the country. The distance from it to Ras al-Khaimah is 100 km. The path passes along the modern autobahn. The second nearest airport is located in Sharjah at a distance of about 85 km from the resort.

Beach and sea

The beach at Rixos Bab Al Bahr

The total length of the RAK beach area, as the emirate is abbreviated even in official sources, is more than 60 km. True, this includes the beaches of man-made islands. The sea off the coast of the resort is mostly calm. Winds, and even more so, storms are rare. The water is clean and clear even in high season.

The beaches are sandy with white or slightly pinkish sand. Somewhere on the coast you can find picturesque dunes. The entrance to the sea is gentle and safe. Some tourists in their reviews talk about places with shell rock and large boulders off the coast. They do exist, but most often on public beaches.

Municipal beaches are often overcrowded and poorly equipped. The beaches at the hotels have good infrastructure and offer a lot of entertainment. From boat trips on a yacht or catamaran to incendiary parties. By the way, guests of other hotels are allowed to entertainment events, subject to the purchase of drinks. Yes, you can buy liquor in most hotel beach bars. But this does not mean that there is no dry law in the emirate of Ras al-Khaimah.

Resort accommodation

Five-star hotel Waldorf Astoria Ras Al Khaimah

Ras Al Khaimah is a dynamically developing resort. New hotels open every year. Basically they are marked with 5 or 4 stars. Most of them have their own beach area with good equipment. The resort is considered a leader in the United Arab Emirates in terms of all-inclusive and ultra-all-inclusive. More than half of the hotels offer their guests a holiday without any worries and hassles.

However, when choosing a hotel, it is worthwhile to carefully study the services that it offers and where it is located. Despite the fact that the hotels have their own beaches, they can be located far from the coast. The set of services in the all-inclusive system is also somewhat different. If you have financial resources, it is better to give preference to holidays on the islands.

Top five:

• - the most luxurious hotel. An oasis of luxury in the desert. Accommodation in villas with private pool. The only negative is that the prices bite.
• - an excellent golf hotel. Within walking distance of shopping centers. Luxurious interiors.
• is a family hotel. Part of the Rixos hotel chain . Impeccable service.

Fours with good reviews:

• - club hotel First line. Great beach. All inclusive.
• - City hotel. Shops and cafes nearby. The name Hilton commits to excellent service.

The top three are:

• - Located next to the beach.
• city ​​hotel with a good number of rooms.

Fans of self-reliance in the resort can rent an apartment or villa from local residents on airbnb. The prices will pleasantly surprise you. In addition, for the first booking you will definitely get a discount of 2100 rubles.

Vacation with children

Ras Al Khaimah is suitable for families with children. It has a milder climate, warm and calm sea with sandy beaches in shallow water.

There are few children's entertainment in the resort. Many hotels offer an on-site children's pool, outdoor playgrounds, animation and babysitting services for an additional fee.

The most chic place for kids, where life is always in full swing - the water park "Iceland Waterpark". It has 30 slides. True, there are no super extreme ones among them, but guests will get their dose of adrenaline. Attracts the design of the territory. From a green oasis among the sands of the desert, visitors, having stepped over the threshold, are transported beyond the Arctic Circle. They are waiting for eternal ice, polar bears, penguins and the hot sun of the Arabian Peninsula.

Infrastructure

The infrastructure of the resort is quite developed, but it is worth making allowances for the traditions of the country.

Cafes and restaurants

Italian Restaurant Piaceri Da Gustare

There are many cafes and restaurants in Ras Al Khaimah with a large selection of dishes and destinations. If you are not satisfied with national dishes, then you can go to the Italian restaurant "Piaceri Da Gustare" or the institution "Ayoka", which serves Japanese cuisine. In "Moti Mahal" visitors will get acquainted with the culinary delights of national and Indian cuisine. Surprisingly, there are also chain fast food cafes here - McDonald's, KFC, BurgerKing.

Entertainment

Most of the entertainment is offered by the hotels themselves. Among them are not only parties, but also sea fishing, trips to Dubai, excursions to interesting places. There are few places of entertainment in the city itself.

Transport

Going to Ras al-Khaimah, you should keep in mind that public transport within the city does not work. There are regular bus services that run to Dubai and neighboring emirates. You will have to move within the resort on foot or by taxi.

Walking in the heat is exhausting. Taxi is expensive. Therefore, when booking a hotel without meals or with half board, you should choose a hotel where there are shops and cafes within walking distance. And also find out in advance how far the hotel is from the sea and whether there is a transfer.

Tours and attractions of the resort

The emirate of Ras al-Khaimah, and the resort itself is rich in sights and interesting places. The city is divided into two parts by a bay. Previously, in its place was the city of Julfar - the largest center in Asia for the extraction and trade of pearls.

Currently, on the west coast, you can visit an old fort with watchtowers made of light yellow sandstone and a mosque made of coral blocks. It is interesting to visit the National Museum, which displays a rich collection of corals, pearls and jewelry made from it. In the modern part of the city, the Emir Palace, exhibition centers, numerous markets and shops await visitors.

Road to Jebel Jais

Exciting will be a car, and then a hike to Jebel Jais mountain, El Daya Fort, a trip to the hot springs of Khatt Springs and the Wadi Bi canyon. Those who wish can visit the pearl farm and the picturesque Al Gail Park. And of course, a trip to Dubai is very interesting.

basic information

A bit of general information that is most often of interest to tourists planning a vacation in Ras al-Khaimah.

Travel budget

A room with breakfast at the Rixos Bab Al Bahr hotel will cost 28,000 rubles per day

It is worth noting that there will be no budget trip, which way of rest you choose.

• Prices for all-inclusive package tours start from 110,000-120,000 rubles for seven nights when staying in 4 * hotels 1-2 km from the beach.
• If you choose accommodation without meals, then a good three with a free shuttle to the beach will cost 60,000-65,000 rubles. It should be borne in mind that a snack at McDonald's with a Big Mac and French fries will cost at least 350 rubles. A trip to a cafe or restaurant will empty your pocket for 6,000-15,000 rubles, depending on the establishment and order.
• The ability to cook on your own is only in the villas. Some apartments are equipped with an electric kettle, but nothing more.
• Every tourist is charged a tourist tax. Its size depends on the level of the hotel and the number of nights. In a five-star hotel, in terms of Russian rubles, you will have to pay about 5,000 for 2 people when staying for a week. In apartments with 3 * the amount will be half as much.

You can save money by choosing periods with low demand for tours for your trip. As a rule, this is the middle of January-February and the summer months.

Climate and travel time

On the coast of the Persian Gulf, you can sunbathe and swim all year round. The most comfortable weather in the resort is in spring and autumn. Air warms up to +27-30 °C, water - up to +23-26 °C. Summer in Ras al-Khaimah is hot weather with temperatures of +40-45°C. Water heated to + 33-35 ° C is not refreshing.

The winter months are relatively cool. Temperatures of air and water are almost equal and are within +23-25°C. The nights are not cold either. It's time for travel and sightseeing.

shopping

Shopping in Ras Al Khaimah is one of the best things to do. In numerous shopping centers you can buy goods of famous brands, as well as products of local manufacturers, visit a cinema, cafe or restaurant, and take a walk along your own promenade, such as in the oldest shopping center "Al Manar Mall". In addition to it, tourists note:

• Shopping center "Al Hamra Mall" with a wide selection of electronics and household appliances;
• Shopping center "RAK Mall" with goods of local manufacturers;
• Shopping center "Safeer Mall" in the old town, where you can buy original spices and aromatic oils.

How to get there

The easiest way to get to the resort of Ras Al Khaimah is from the airports of Dubai and Sharjah by bus, taxi or transfer. Travel time will be 1.5-2 hours. There are no flights from Russia to the local airport.

Cons of the resort

The negative aspects of rest in the resort of Ras al-Khaimah, many include the remoteness from Dubai, the lack of public transport within the resort and a small amount of entertainment.

In general, Ras Al Khaimah is a great place for a classic beach holiday. It is suitable for those who are tired of the hustle and bustle of big cities. Relaxation on the coast of the Persian Gulf with a view of the artificial islands, sightseeing of the city and rare outings on excursions. Plus, the prices are pleasing compared to the promoted resorts of the United Arab Emirates.

Inspirational video - an overview of Ras al-Khaimah:

We wish you a pleasant stay!

Below is a selection of the best last-minute tours to all resorts in the Emirates. If Ras al-Khaimah does not fit, choose other resorts.

The Persian Gulf region is of great interest, primarily because it is one of the most oil-rich areas of the earth's crust. The geology of the region surrounding the Persian Gulf has been well studied. In the Persian Gulf itself, hydrobiological, hydrological and oceanographic studies were carried out. Persian Gulf area 239 thousand km2, the volume of water is only 6 thousand km3. Length of the Persian Gulf 1138 km, width varies from 388 km to 65 km in the Strait of Hormuz Average depth 91 m. However, depths exceeding 110 m occur at the entrance to the Persian Gulf; the maximum depth of the Persian Gulf is 170 m.

The Persian Gulf is divided into two parts - eastern and western, which are connected by a narrow depression passing through a shallow area located within the Strait of Hormuz. The area of ​​​​great depths is also separated from the coast of Iran by a narrow shallow. In the southwestern part of the Persian Gulf there is an extensive shallow water, where the depths do not exceed 40 m; it expands to the south and wedges out to the top of the Persian Gulf.
There are many islands and shoals in the Persian Gulf; some are either fold crests or salt domes or structures composed of unconsolidated or partially consolidated Quaternary deposits.

Climate in the Persian Gulf

The air temperature in the Persian Gulf region is high, but the winters are quite cool, especially at the top of the Persian Gulf. Precipitation is negligible; in the northeast of the Persian Gulf, the amount of precipitation increases slightly. Precipitation falls mainly in the form of occasional short-lived heavy showers between November and April. Relative humidity is high. Cloudiness is small, and more in winter than in summer. Thunderstorms and fogs are rare phenomena, not typical of this area. But in the summer there are often dust storms and haze. Most often strong wind blows from NW and WNW; it bears the local name "shamal". The strength of a shamal sometimes reaches 6 points and rarely reaches 8 points. The wind speed during such periods increases to 26 m/s in 5 minutes. Often there are waterspouts, especially in autumn.

Hydrological regime. Fresh water flows to the top of the Persian Gulf from the Tigris, Euphrates and Karun rivers; less significant inflow of fresh waters in the region of the coast of Iran. The water temperature is high; it ranges from 18 to 32°C at the entrance to the Persian Gulf and from 16 to 32°C in the extreme northwest.

Maximum water temperatures observed in shallow water along the coast. High salinity is due to low river flow (high air temperatures and high evaporation exceed the influence of incoming fresh water). Salinity varies from 37-38 ppm. at the entrance to the Persian Gulf to 38-41 p.m. in the extreme northwest, where salinity depends on river runoff. In the southwest of the Persian Gulf, a salinity of 42–60 ppm was recorded off the coast. It has been established that the salinity of the waters entering the Persian Gulf increases, while more saline waters sink and leave through the Strait of Hormuz, and less dense waters come in their place.

Tides in the Persian Gulf wrong daily allowance. The highest tides are recorded east of the Qatar Peninsula. Daily inequality decreases NE and SE from this point.

Tide fluctuations insignificant - from 1.22-1.64 m around the Qatar Peninsula to 3.15-3.38 m at the top of the Persian Gulf and up to 2.76-3.15 m at the entrance to the Persian Gulf. Strong, shoreward winds sometimes raise the water level near the shore; low banks are flooded.

Powerful tidal currents(up to 4 knots) are observed on the southern side of the Strait of Hormuz. In other regions of the Persian Gulf, these currents are weak, usually their speed does not exceed 1-1.5 knots, but can increase at the entrance to lagoons, in river mouths and narrow straits. Wind drift is sometimes so powerful that tidal currents going in the opposite direction cannot overcome it, and therefore the resulting current does not change direction, only slightly slowing down.

Waves in the Persian Gulf are usually small but steep. The influence of the swell of the Indian Ocean is felt only at the entrance. In this section, the wind blowing in the opposite direction of the tide can create a strong turbulent flow. In the southern part, the local shamal wind causes the greatest excitement. Large waves are recorded here, but the height rarely exceeds 3 m.

Geology of the regions surrounding the Persian Gulf. pretty well studied. In the west, the Persian Gulf limits the Precambrian Arabian Shield overlain by gently NE-dipping and weakly dislocated Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic deposits. The axes of gentle folds are oriented in the meridional direction.

The Omani mountains are the only intensely folded structure on the Arabian Peninsula. In the east, the foothills and ridges of the Zagros Mountains (folded to normal faults), oriented to the NW-SE, adjoin the Persian Gulf. In the cores of large anticlines, mainly Mesozoic rocks composing the mountains are exposed, while in the foothills these rocks are overlain by Cenozoic deposits. In the northeast, the folded zone consists of several large fault blocks in which Paleozoic and younger rocks are exposed. The folded mountains and fault blocks are separated from the complex massif of the Central Iranian Highlands by a thrust zone, along which deposits of various geological epochs are exposed at the northeastern tip of the Zagros Mountains. Superimposed on this wide area are extensive salt domes, which are especially well developed in southwestern Iran and in the southern part of the Persian Gulf.

Story they date back to the Tertiary period. Although tectonic movements began in the Cretaceous period, and in some areas even earlier, the basic structure of the mountains and all the geomorphological features of the Persian Gulf are the result of Miocene-Liocene folding and subsequent deformations. The fault-blocky structure of the Early Domiocene, apparently, had some influence on the Tertiary folding superimposed on it. The egot region is tectonically active at the present time. Numerous raised coastal ridges and terraces and raised diving surfaces testify to Quaternary tectonic movements.

The geological structures of the framing were formed as a result of folding and accumulation of a thick layer of sediments in a trench oriented to the NW–SE and finally formed in the Mesozoic. The Cambrian is represented by plastic material, salt, and a thin layer of carbonates. From the Permian to the Miocene, carbonate deposits were mainly accumulated with rare inclusions of plastic material. These carbonate deposits, accumulated in deep waters, consist of marly sediments, often containing a significant admixture of organic matter; marly sediments pass into sediments of the shallow zone, including skeletal, oolitic, reef, and dolomitic limestones. The sediments of the shallow water zone are especially distinct in the southwestern tea trough.